Indoor air quality (IAQ) refers to the condition of the air inside buildings, especially as it relates to the health and comfort of occupants. Poor IAQ can lead to respiratory issues, fatigue, headaches, and long-term health effects — particularly for vulnerable populations like children, the elderly, and those with preexisting conditions.
Here’s a quick outline to get started thinking about indoor air quality:
Key Pollutants to Watch For
- Particulate Matter (PM2.5 and PM10): Fine particles from combustion, dust, and aerosols.
- Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs): Emitted from paints, cleaning products, and furnishings.
- Carbon Dioxide (CO₂): A marker of ventilation effectiveness.
- Carbon Monoxide (CO): A dangerous gas from incomplete combustion.
- Radon: A naturally occurring radioactive gas that can accumulate indoors.
- Biological Contaminants: Mold, bacteria, pet dander, and pollen.
Factors That Influence IAQ
- Ventilation: The exchange of indoor and outdoor air. Poor ventilation traps pollutants.
- Humidity Levels: Ideal range is 30–50%. Too high encourages mold growth and spread.
- Building Materials & Furnishings: Off-gassing from synthetic materials can degrade IAQ.
- Occupant Behavior: Smoking or vaping, cooking, and cleaning practices all play a role.
Strategies for Improvement
- Source Control: Eliminate or reduce pollutant sources (e.g., switch to low-VOC products).
- Ventilation Enhancement: Use mechanical systems or open windows to increase airflow.
- Air Purification: HEPA filters, activated carbon, and UV-C systems can help.
- Monitoring: IAQ sensors provide real-time data to guide interventions.